Product Name Exenatide Acetate (Exendin-4)
Sequence H-His-Gly-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-
Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-
Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2
Cas No. 141758-74-9
Molecular Formula C184H282N50O60 S
Molecular Weight 4186.66
Purity (HPLC) 98.0%min.
Appearance? White powder
Single Impurity(HPLC)? 1.0%max
Amino Acid Composition? ±10% of theoretical
Peptide Content(N%) ?≥80.0%
Water Content(Karl Fischer)? ≤10.0%
Acetate Content(HPIC) ≤12.0%
MS(ESI) ?Consistent
Mass Balance 95.0~105.0%
Exendin-4 is a potent peptide agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (Ki = 136 pM).1,2,3,4 By activating the GLP-1 receptor, it stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated rat islets and proinsulin expression in mouse insulinoma βTC-1 cells, supporting efficacy in type 2 diabetes.2 Exendin-4 was first isolated from the venom of H. horridum and consequently synthesized, with the recombinant peptide referred to as ‘exenatide.’ Exenatide protects hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced apoptosis, suggesting utility in neuropathies associated with type 2 diabetes and in neurodegenerative diseases.5,6 Exenatide also has anxiolytic and anti-depressant effects and induces satiety.6,7
Exendin-4 (exenatide), a 39-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the salivary glands of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), differs from exendin-3 only in two positions close to the N-terminus. Application of exenatide causes an increase in acinar cAMP without stimulating amylase release. As an incretin mimetic, exenatide acts as agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. As GLP-1, though with prolonged activity, exenatide augments the postprandial production of insulin and suppresses secretion of glucagon. For this reason, exenatide has found use as a medication of diabetes II.
Technical Data for Exendin-4
| M. Wt |
4186.61 |
| Formula |
C184H282N50O60S |
| Sequence |
(Modifications: Ser-39 = C-terminal amide) |
| Storage |
Store at -20°C |
| Purity |
≥95% (HPLC) |
| CAS Number |
141758-74-9 |
| PubChem ID |
16157882 |
| InChI Key |
HTQBXNHDCUEHJF-XWLPCZSASA-N |
| Smiles |
[H]N[C@@H](CC1=CNC=N1)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC1=CNC2=C1C=CC=C2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(N)=O |
| In Vitro |
In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Exendin-4 significantly increases NO production, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation, and GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) level in a dose-dependent manner. Exendin-4 shows cytotoxic effects to MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 of 5 μM at 48 hour.
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
|
| In Vivo |
Both low- and high-dose Exendin-4 treatment in ob/ob mice improve serum ALT and reduce serum glucose, and calculated HOMA scores compared with control. Exendin-4-treated ob/ob mice sustain a marked reduction in the net weight gain in the final 4 weeks of the study period. Animals treated with Exendin-4 have more pancreatic acinar inflammation, more pyknotic nuclei and weigh significantly less than control rats. Exendin-4 treatment is associated with lower leptin levels as well as lower HOMA values in rats. Exenatide causes dose-dependent relaxation of rat thoracic aorta, which is evoked via the GLP-1 receptor and is mediated mainly by H2S but also by NO and CO.
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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